Jenny Uglow:
सतीची चाल अत्यंत क्रूर होती याबद्दल दुमत नाही. बरोबर? पण सतीचे सगळे 'पदर' भारतात कुठे चर्चिले जातात?
विद्वान श्रीमती वेंडी डॉनीगर (Wendy Doniger) त्यांच्या इंग्लिश पुस्तकात, 'दि हिंदूज : ऍन अल्टरनेटीव्ह हिस्टरी' २००९ (The Hindus: An Alternative History), मध्ये काय म्हणतात ते पहा:
बहुतेक सर्व भारतीयांना ह्यातल काही सांगितल जात नाही. उदा: गव्हर्नर जनरल बेंटिंक कसे 'एवंजेलिकल सिम्पथायझर' (evangelical sympathizer) होते. सतीबंदी कायद्यामुळे जेवढ्या बायका वाचल्या त्यापेक्षा जास्त मेल्या. तसेच त्या कायद्याचा एक प्रमुख परिणाम म्हणजे ख्रिस्ती धर्मवासियांच्या डोळ्यात हिंदू धर्माबद्दल घृणा निर्माण होऊन तो कलंकीत झाला.
ह्या पोस्टच्या वरती दिलेली अवतरणे नीट वाचा. २१व्या शतकाआधी मी कधीही वाचले नव्हते की, मोठ्या प्रमाणात, ब्रिटिश १९व्या शतकात भारतात धर्मपिसाट झाले होते म्हणून. हे का? आपण १९४७साली 'निधर्मी' झालो होतो म्हणून? का आपल्याला कॉमनवेल्थ जॉईन करायच होत म्हणून? म्हणजे मुघलांना धर्माबाबत कोणी काही म्हणाव पण ब्रिटिशांना नाही! का तर त्यांची आपल्याला आता गरज आहे, आपल्या कझिन्सना तिथ स्थायिक व्हायचय, त्यांच्या हातात जगातला प्रमुख लिबरल मीडिया आहे, ते आता प्रचंड श्रीमंत आहेत...!
महाराष्ट्रातील, माझ्या आवडत्या, २०व्या शतकातील महत्वाच्या विचारवंतांनी सुद्धा ब्रिटिशांच्या ह्या पैलूबद्दल खोलात जावून लिहल्याच आठवत नाही. उदा - डॉ. आंबेडकर, श्रीपाद कृष्ण, राजवाडे, शेजवलकर, र धों कर्वे, दुर्गा भागवत, सेतु माधवराव पगडी ...
शशी थरूर (Shashi Tharoor) यांचे 'इनग्लोरियस एम्पायर' ( Inglorious Empire) नावाच पुस्तक २०१६/२०१७ साली प्रसिद्ध झाले. बऱ्याच चर्चेत आहे ते पुस्तक सध्या.
Mr. Tharoor's book proves how bad the rule was for India.
"...After the revolt of 1857 there were calls to eradicate
Hinduism. The Baptist preacher Charles Spurgeon told a congregation of 25,000
at Crystal Palace that ‘such a religion as the religion of the Hindoo, the
Indian government were bound, as in the sight of God, to put down with all the
strength of their hand’. And even after the British had left India, Hinduphobia
persisted. Francis Tuker, who spent 33 years in the Indian Army, retired as
head of Eastern Command in 1950. Writing of independent India, he feared the
advance of Communism there: ‘The Iron Curtain … clanks down between Hinduism
and all other systems and religions.’ Hindu India was entering a precarious
phase, when it might swap its gods for another. ‘Its religion, which is to a
great extent superstition and formalism, is breaking down … Communism will fill
the void left by the Hindu religion. It seemed to some of us very necessary to
place Islam between Russian Communism and Hindusthan.’..."
As is well known, many Indians were executed by blowing them from canons. Based on that, the above 'cartoon' appeared in Sydney Punch dated November 1868.
"In India in the eighteenth century, before evangelical
missionaries and politicians began to demonize Hindu culture, there was
considerable fraternization and inter-marriage."
Geoffrey Moorhouse:
“...The last emperor was also known to his familiars as
Zafar - the pen name he used when writing poetry - a word which means
"victory" and which could scarcely have been less appropriate, given
that it was attached to one of history's great losers. For he died five years
after the mutiny, in faraway Burma, a frail 87-year-old who was spoon-fed on
broth by the handful of family and retainers he had been allowed to take with
him into exile. He had been banished not so much for what he did during the
mutiny as for what he represented to the mutineers - Hindus as well as Muslims -
who regarded him as the touchstone of an old and deeply rooted way of life
which the Victorian Evangelicals, who dominated the making and execution of
British policy, were determined to replace with the prejudices and habits of
muscular Christianity. To them it was vital that Zafar should be put down,
precisely because, having a Hindu mother, he appealed to both sides of India's
own great religious division....”
William Dalrymple, ‘The Last Mughal: The Fall of a Dynasty:
Delhi, 1857’, 2006:
“...Many historians blithely use the word ‘colonialism’ as
if it has some kind of clearly locatable meaning, yet it is increasingly
apparent that at this period there were multiple modes and very distinct phases
of colonialism; there were also many very different ways of inhabiting,
performing and transgressing the still fluid notion of Britishness. It was not
the British per se, so much as specific groups with a specific imperial agenda
– namely the Evangelicals and Utilitarians – who ushered in the most obnoxious
phase of colonialism, a change which adversely affected the White Mughals as
much as it did the Great Mughals....”
“...As far as the Indian participants were concerned, the
Uprising was overwhelmingly expressed as a war of religion, and looked upon as
a defensive action against the rapid inroads missionaries and Christianity were
making in India, as well as a more generalised fight for freedom from foreign
domination. The Great Mutiny has usually been presented by the Marxist historians
of the 1960s and 1970s primarily as a rising against British social and
economic policies, as both urban revolution and a peasants’ revolts parked off
by loss of land rights and employment opportunities as much as anything else.
All this certainly played a part. Yet when the Indian participants of the
Uprising articulate the reason for their revolt – as they do with great
frequency and at some length in the Mutiny Papers – they invariably state that
they were above all resisting a move by the Company to impose Christianity and
Christian laws on India – something many Evangelical Englishmen were indeed
contemplating...”
Jon Wilson, 'India Conquered: Britain's Raj and the Chaos of
Empire‘, 2016:
“...British officers thought the concern about animal fat
was ridiculous. But Indian fears reflected an accurate understanding of British
desires, if not the practical realities of Company rule. Take religion, for
example. Among Britons in India, evangelical Christianity was on the rise in
the 1840s and 1850s. Most British officers probably did think India’s Muslims
and Hindus were infidels who would suffer eternal damnation if they did not
convert. Proselytizing pamphlets had been circulated with greater frequency, even
in cantonments. European religion and the British government seemed to occupy
the same space, as the 1830s and 1840s saw new churches built in cantonments,
often bringing the centres of British worship and British power within a few
yards of each other. The British did talk about subjugating the whole of India
to a single, unitary form of power, even if they saw the East India Company as
a decidedly secular kind of authority...”
सतीची चाल अत्यंत क्रूर होती याबद्दल दुमत नाही. बरोबर? पण सतीचे सगळे 'पदर' भारतात कुठे चर्चिले जातात?
विद्वान श्रीमती वेंडी डॉनीगर (Wendy Doniger) त्यांच्या इंग्लिश पुस्तकात, 'दि हिंदूज : ऍन अल्टरनेटीव्ह हिस्टरी' २००९ (The Hindus: An Alternative History), मध्ये काय म्हणतात ते पहा:
"...Finally, in 1829, the year after Robertston’s intervention,
several years after prominent Brahmins had already spoken up against suttee,
and at a time when there were many Indians in the legislature and William
Bentinck, an evangelical sympathizer, was Governor-General (1828-1835), the
desire to justify their continuing paternalistic rule over Indians whom they
characterized as savage children led the British to ban suttee altogether, as
well as child marriage, with much self-aggrandizing fanfare.
The British law probably facilitated more women’s deaths
than it saved, and its main effect was to stigmatize Hinduism as an abomination
in Christian eyes. Suttee is a
pornographic image, the torture of a woman by fire, hot in every sense of the
word. Relatively few women died that way, in contrast with the hundreds, even
thousands who died every day of starvation and malnutrition, but suttee had PR
value. Thus the Raj had it both ways, boasting both that it did not interfere
with other people’s religions and that it defended human rights. The debate, in
both India and Britain, turned what had been an exceptional practice into a
symbol of the oppression of all Indian women and the moral bankruptcy of
Hinduism. Nor did the 1829 law, or, for that matter, the new legislation
enacted by India after its Independence put an end to it; at least forty widows
have burned since 1947..."
बहुतेक सर्व भारतीयांना ह्यातल काही सांगितल जात नाही. उदा: गव्हर्नर जनरल बेंटिंक कसे 'एवंजेलिकल सिम्पथायझर' (evangelical sympathizer) होते. सतीबंदी कायद्यामुळे जेवढ्या बायका वाचल्या त्यापेक्षा जास्त मेल्या. तसेच त्या कायद्याचा एक प्रमुख परिणाम म्हणजे ख्रिस्ती धर्मवासियांच्या डोळ्यात हिंदू धर्माबद्दल घृणा निर्माण होऊन तो कलंकीत झाला.
ह्या पोस्टच्या वरती दिलेली अवतरणे नीट वाचा. २१व्या शतकाआधी मी कधीही वाचले नव्हते की, मोठ्या प्रमाणात, ब्रिटिश १९व्या शतकात भारतात धर्मपिसाट झाले होते म्हणून. हे का? आपण १९४७साली 'निधर्मी' झालो होतो म्हणून? का आपल्याला कॉमनवेल्थ जॉईन करायच होत म्हणून? म्हणजे मुघलांना धर्माबाबत कोणी काही म्हणाव पण ब्रिटिशांना नाही! का तर त्यांची आपल्याला आता गरज आहे, आपल्या कझिन्सना तिथ स्थायिक व्हायचय, त्यांच्या हातात जगातला प्रमुख लिबरल मीडिया आहे, ते आता प्रचंड श्रीमंत आहेत...!
महाराष्ट्रातील, माझ्या आवडत्या, २०व्या शतकातील महत्वाच्या विचारवंतांनी सुद्धा ब्रिटिशांच्या ह्या पैलूबद्दल खोलात जावून लिहल्याच आठवत नाही. उदा - डॉ. आंबेडकर, श्रीपाद कृष्ण, राजवाडे, शेजवलकर, र धों कर्वे, दुर्गा भागवत, सेतु माधवराव पगडी ...
शशी थरूर (Shashi Tharoor) यांचे 'इनग्लोरियस एम्पायर' ( Inglorious Empire) नावाच पुस्तक २०१६/२०१७ साली प्रसिद्ध झाले. बऱ्याच चर्चेत आहे ते पुस्तक सध्या.
Mr. Tharoor's book proves how bad the rule was for India.
Mr. Mihir Bose states in the December 2016 issue of History Today how "distrust of Hinduism was rife among Britain’s ruling class".
“...Yet Churchill was not the first to want to destroy
Hinduism. For more than 200 years, hatred of Hindus was the default position of
many influential people in Britain. The man who set this agenda was James Mill,
whose 1817 text book The History of British India, became the most important at
Haileybury College, where the civil servants of the East India Company were
taught. ‘The Hindus’, Mills wrote, ‘are full of dissimulation and falsehood,
the universal concomitants of oppression. The vices of falsehood, indeed they
carry to a height almost unexampled among the other races of men.’ As for
religion, Mill wrote, ‘No people … have
ever drawn a more gross and disgusting
picture of the universe than what is presented in the writings of the Hindus.’ ...”
The third line in the caption says: "(Taken from an
East Indian Recipe which was found remarkably efficacious, some years
ago.)"
