Today November 3 2013 is Diwali, goddess Lakshmi Puja day in India
Some experts regard Lakshmi as a pre-Aryan goddess just like Yakshis.
T.S. Subramanian says in Frontline, June 15 2012 issue:
"You will find them everywhere, as sculptured figures of women hanging from a tree laden with mangoes, on the gateways to Buddhist stupas, adjacent to Jaina tirthankaras as exquisite bas-reliefs on the rock faces of hills, in wayside shrines, as terracotta figurines and stucco idols, as beautiful bronzes elsewhere, and as murals in temples. They are yakshis, popular folk goddesses of pre-Aryan days who metamorphosed into protective deities during the time of the brahminical religion and later as female attendants of Jaina tirthankaras. Yakshis are also celebrated deities in the Buddhist pantheon.
The history of the yakshi cult in India is a fascinating one. Yakshi sculptures have been found in Mathura in Uttar Pradesh; Didarganj and Basarh in Bihar; Bhopal, Sanchi and Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh; Ellora in Maharashtra; Udayagiri and Khandagiri in Odisha; Tiruppanmalai, Vallimalai, Anaimalai, Tirumalai, Samanamalai, Sithamur and Sitharal in Tamil Nadu; Aihole and Shravanabelagola in Karnataka; and Nagarjunakonda, Kondapur, Peddapur and Amaravathi in Andhra Pradesh. About 50 bronze statues of yakshis have been found in different parts of India..."
"The Sanchi Stupa in Madhya Pradesh has eight yakshis sculpted
on its four gateways. Since yakshis are associated with trees,
these yakshis are shown standing under the mango tree or other trees or a
banana plant. While the Sanchi stupa itself was erected by Emperor
Asoka (third century B.C.), the Sungas renovated it by erecting the
railings in the second century B.C. and the Satavahanas built the four
gateways circa the first and second century A.D. These yakshis, two each
on each gateway, look sensuous and realistic."
The Guardian Art Weekly reported on October 11 2013:
"the Queen of the Night relief was acquired for the British Museum's 250th anniversary"
Old Babylonian, 1800-1750 BC From southern Iraq
Picture courtesy: Trustees of the British Museum
Some experts regard Lakshmi as a pre-Aryan goddess just like Yakshis.
T.S. Subramanian says in Frontline, June 15 2012 issue:
"You will find them everywhere, as sculptured figures of women hanging from a tree laden with mangoes, on the gateways to Buddhist stupas, adjacent to Jaina tirthankaras as exquisite bas-reliefs on the rock faces of hills, in wayside shrines, as terracotta figurines and stucco idols, as beautiful bronzes elsewhere, and as murals in temples. They are yakshis, popular folk goddesses of pre-Aryan days who metamorphosed into protective deities during the time of the brahminical religion and later as female attendants of Jaina tirthankaras. Yakshis are also celebrated deities in the Buddhist pantheon.
The history of the yakshi cult in India is a fascinating one. Yakshi sculptures have been found in Mathura in Uttar Pradesh; Didarganj and Basarh in Bihar; Bhopal, Sanchi and Khajuraho in Madhya Pradesh; Ellora in Maharashtra; Udayagiri and Khandagiri in Odisha; Tiruppanmalai, Vallimalai, Anaimalai, Tirumalai, Samanamalai, Sithamur and Sitharal in Tamil Nadu; Aihole and Shravanabelagola in Karnataka; and Nagarjunakonda, Kondapur, Peddapur and Amaravathi in Andhra Pradesh. About 50 bronze statues of yakshis have been found in different parts of India..."
Photo Credit: V. VEDACHALAM
The Guardian Art Weekly reported on October 11 2013:
"the Queen of the Night relief was acquired for the British Museum's 250th anniversary"
Picture courtesy: Trustees of the British Museum
"This large
plaque is made of baked straw-tempered clay, modelled in high relief. The
figure of the curvaceous naked woman was originally painted red. She wears the
horned headdress characteristic of a Mesopotamian deity and holds a rod and
ring of justice, symbols of her divinity. Her long multi-coloured wings hang
downwards, indicating that she is a goddess of the Underworld. Her legs end in
the talons of a bird of prey, similar to those of the two owls that flank her.
The background was originally painted black, suggesting that she was associated
with the night. She stands on the backs of two lions, and a scale pattern indicates
mountains.
The figure
could be an aspect of the goddess Ishtar, Mesopotamian goddess of sexual love
and war, or Ishtar's sister and rival, the goddess Ereshkigal who ruled over
the Underworld, or the demoness Lilitu, known in the Bible as Lilith. The
plaque probably stood in a shrine.
The same
goddess appears on small, crude, mould-made plaques from Babylonia from about
1850 to 1750 BC. Thermoluminescence tests confirm that the 'Queen of the Night'
relief was made between 1765 and 45 BC."